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Psychology Research Methods

Experiments, Self Reports, Case Studies, Observations, Correlations, Research Process, Variables, Sampling participants, Data & Data Analysis, Ethical Considerations, and Evaluating Research.

AS Psychology

Approaches

Biological Approach The biological approach assumes that behaviour, cognition, and emotions: 1. are controlled by biological systems and processes such as hormones and genes. 2. can be investigated by manipulating and measuring biological responses, such as eye movements and brain activity. Cognitive Approach The cognitive approach assumes that: 1. behaviour

AS Psychology

Dement and Kleitman (1957)

Aim General: To investigate the relationship between eye movements and dreaming. Specific: 1. Does dream recall differ between REM and NREM stages of sleep?

AS Psychology

Canli et al. (2000)

Aim • To find whether emotive images will be better remembered than pictures with little emotion. • To find whether the amygdala is sensitive

AS Psychology

Hassett et al. (2008)

Original Study Aim * To test if sex differences in children's toy preferences are due to biological factors (i.e. exposure to high levels of prenatal androgen) rather than socialisation. * To investigate whether male and female rhesus monkeys have similar toy preferences to human children despite having no experience

AS Psychology

Hölzel et al. (2011) (editing)

Original Study Aim 1. To determine whether regular practice of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) produces measurable neurological changes associated with mindfulness-related traits. 2. To identify brain structures which chagnged due to an 8-week MBSR programme. Background Britta Hölzel, a psychologist, neuroscientist, and MBSR yoga teacher, used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

AS Psychology

Schachter & Singer (1962)

Aim To test the Two Factor Theory of Emotion. To research whether given a state of physiological arousal with no explanation, cognitive factors would help in describing feelings.

AS Psychology

Andrade (2010)

Aim To find out whether doodling assisted information processing by increasing attentiveness or by enhancing memory.

AS Psychology

Baron-Cohen et al. (2001)

Key Notes Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) = A neurodevelopmental disorder impairing a child's ability to communicate and interact. Symptoms:

AS Psychology

Laney et al. (2008)

Background Braun et al. (2002) reported that it is possible to implant false memories by convincing individuals that they met Bugs Bunny at Disneyland.

AS Psychology

Bandura et al. (1961)

Aim To investigate whether a child would learn aggression by observing a model and would reproduce this behaviour in the absence of the model, and whether the sex of the role model was important.

AS Psychology

Fagen et al. (2014)

Original Study Aim: To investigate whether secondary positive reinforcement can be used to train elephants to voluntarily complete a trunk wash, allowing them to be tested for TB. Background Dr. Ariel Fagan is a veterinary behaviourist of the American College of Veterinary Behaviour, who has conducted research at animal shelters

AS Psychology

Saavedra & Silverman (2002)

Aim To understand the causes of a button phobia in a child. To treat a child’s phobia of buttons using disgust and fear responses.

AS Psychology

Pepperberg (1987)

Aim To see whether a parrot could use vocal labels to demonstrate a symbolic understanding of the concepts ‘same’ and ‘different’.

AS Psychology

Milgram (1963)

Aim To find out whether people would be obedient to authority even if it meant physically hurting others. Background 11 million people

AS Psychology

Perry et al. (2015)

Original Study Ps = Participants. Pp = Participant. IV = Independent Variable. DV = Dependent Variable. Aim To investigate the effect of oxytocin on preferred interpersonal distance for those scoring high or low in empathy traits. Research Hypotheses 1. Administering oxytocin will affect preferred interpersonal distance depending on the persons’ level of empathy. 2.

AS Psychology

Piliavin et al. (1969)

Aim: to investigate bystander behaviour in a natural setting. to investigate the effect of the variables on helping: • type of victim, • race of the victim

AS Psychology

Yamamoto et al. (2012)

Aim To learn more about chimpanzees’ helping behaviour. To find out: • whether they can understand the needs of conspecifics. • whether they respond to those needs with targeted helping.

AS Sociology

Ch. 1 Sociological Perspectives

Topics: 1. The Main Sociological Perspectives 2. Values 3. Social Policies & Social Problems 4. Diversity 5. Social Order 6. Social Change 7. Sociology as a Science The Main Sociological Perspectives The Sociological Perspective is the view that an individual’s social backgrounds influence their attitudes, behaviour, and life chances.

AS Sociology

Ch. 2 Socialisation and the creation of social identity

Structuralist & Interactionist Views on the Individual vs Society Interactionism The 3 main interactionist perspectives: phenomenology, ethnomethodology, and symbolic interactionism. Phenomenology - Schutz: the meaning of a phenomenon (anything existing) in the social world is negotiated and interpreted through interaction. For example, our reaction to people fighting outside and people

AS Sociology

Ch. 3 Sociology Research Methods

Topics: 1. Primary and Secondary Data 2. Quantitative and Qualitative Data 3. Questionnaires 4. Social Surveys 5. Content Analysis 6. Experiments 7. Official Statistics 8. Interviews 9. Observation 10. Case Studies 11. Semiology 12. Documents 13. Research Design Primary, Secondary, Quantitative and Qualitative Data Primary Data: Information collected personally by

AS Sociology

Ch. 4 Relationship Between Theory & Methods

Overview of Positivism, Interpretivism, and Realism Positivism — Positivists aim to explain social phenomena in terms of the ‘collective conscience’ bearing down on individuals’ choices. Scientific research involves the ability to discover ‘social facts’ that determine individual behaviour. • The researcher must be personally and systematically objective. • Scientific research involves the ability

AS Sociology

Ch. 5 The Family

Perspectives on the family, Divorce, Marriage, and Cohabitation, Family Diversity, Changes within the family, Childhood, Social Policy, and Demography.

AS Psychology

AS Psychology Past Papers

AS Psychology 2018-2019 Past Papers AS Psychology 2020-2021 Past Papers AS Psychology Topical Past Papers Sample answer for Paper 2 Question 10

AS Psychology

AS Psychology 2018-2019 Past Papers

2018 - Question Paper 1 9990_m18_qp_12 9990_s18_qp_11 9990_s18_qp_12 9990_s18_qp_13 9990_w18_qp_11 9990_w18_qp_12